Integrated vector management program in the framework of the COVID-19 pandemic in Medellin, Colombia / El programa del manejo integrado de vectores en el marco de la pandemia por COVID-19 en Medellín, Colombia

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic pressured health care systems to remain alert and active in their vector-borne disease control and prevention programs, leading to changes in vector control strategies in urban areas affected by dengue, Zika and chikungunya. Objective: To describe the adaptations made to the vector control and surveillance program in Medellín during the COVID-19 health emergency. Materials and methods: Once the health emergency started, biosecurity protocols were developed. Entomological surveillance was strengthened from the institutional environment instead of homes. Data was collected in Medellín from 2018 to 2021 during the vector control and surveillance program activities, which included epidemiological and entomovirological surveillance, entomological index survey, ovitrap monitoring, community mobilization, search and elimination of mosquito breading sites, and chemical control. These actions were adapted and/or increased to promote self-care among communities in total and partial confinement, and to develop prevention and control measures. Results: Mosquito monitoring was increased by 40% using ovitraps, entomological virological surveillance showed an increase in 2020 of 34,4% compared to 2019 and virtual media was used to keep and improve contact with the community. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on arbovirus prevention and control programs. The city of Medellín quickly adapted its entomo-virological surveillance activities, control measures, and the contact with the community during the pandemic, which allow the Integrated Vector Management program to remain active in the city.

Introducción. La pandemia por COVID-19 presionó los sistemas de salud para mantener alerta y activos los programas de control y prevención de las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, y generó cambios en las estrategias de control vectorial en áreas urbanas afectadas por el dengue, el Zika y el chikunguña. Objetivo. Describir las adaptaciones del programa de vigilancia y control de vectores en Medellín durante la contingencia sanitaria por COVID-19. Materiales y métodos. Iniciada la emergencia sanitaria, se elaboraron protocolos de bioseguridad. Se fortaleció la vigilancia entomológica institucional en lugar de las viviendas. La información se recolectó en Medellín durante los años 2018 a 2021, en las actividades del programa de vigilancia y control de vectores, que incluyen la vigilancia epidemiológica y entomo-virológica, el levantamiento de los índices entomológicos, el monitoreo de ovitrampas, la movilización social y comunitaria, la búsqueda y eliminación de criaderos, y el control químico; estas acciones se adaptarons o incrementaron para favorecer, de una parte, el autocuidado de las comunidades en confinamiento total y parcial, y de desarrollar las acciones de prevención y control. Resultados. Se incrementó en un 40 % la vigilancia del mosquito mediante ovitrampas, la vigilancia entomo-virológica presentó un incremento de 34,4 % en el 2020 respecto al 2019, y se utilizaron herramientas virtuales para mantener y mejorar el contacto con la comunidad. Conclusión. La pandemia por COVID-19 causó gran impacto en los programas de prevención y control de las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores. Medellín adaptó rápidamente las actividades de vigilancia entomo-virológica, las acciones de control y la comunicación con la comunidad durante la pandemia, y esto permitió mantener activo el programa del manejo integrado de vectores en la ciudad.

El programa del manejo integrado de vectores en el marco de la pandemia por COVID-19 en Medellín, Colombia / Integrated vector management program in the framework of the COVID-19 pandemic in Medellin, Colombia

Introducción. La pandemia por COVID-19 presionó los sistemas de salud para mantener alerta y activos los programas de control y prevención de las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, y generó cambios en las estrategias de control vectorial en áreas urbanas afectadas por el dengue, el Zika y el chikunguña. Objetivo. Describir las adaptaciones del programa de vigilancia y control de vectores en Medellín durante la contingencia sanitaria por COVID-19. Materiales y métodos. Iniciada la emergencia sanitaria, se elaboraron protocolos de bioseguridad. Se fortaleció la vigilancia entomológica institucional en lugar de las viviendas. La información se recolectó en Medellín durante los años 2018 a 2021, en las actividades del programa de vigilancia y control de vectores, que incluyen la vigilancia epidemiológica y entomo-virológica, el levantamiento de los índices entomológicos, el monitoreo de ovitrampas, la movilización social y comunitaria, la búsqueda y eliminación de criaderos, y el control químico; estas acciones se adaptarons o incrementaron para favorecer, de una parte, el autocuidado de las comunidades en confinamiento total y parcial, y de desarrollar las acciones de prevención y control. Resultados. Se incrementó en un 40 % la vigilancia del mosquito mediante ovitrampas, la vigilancia entomo-virológica presentó un incremento de 34,4 % en el 2020 respecto al 2019, y se utilizaron herramientas virtuales para mantener y mejorar el contacto con la comunidad. Conclusión. La pandemia por COVID-19 causó gran impacto en los programas de prevención y control de las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores. Medellín adaptó rápidamente las actividades de vigilancia entomo-virológica, las acciones de control y la comunicación con la comunidad durante la pandemia, y esto permitió mantener activo el programa del manejo integrado de vectores en la ciudad.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic pressured health care systems to remain alert and active in their vector-borne disease control and prevention programs, leading to changes in vector control strategies in urban areas affected by dengue, Zika and chikungunya. Objective: To describe the adaptations made to the vector control and surveillance program in Medellín during the COVID-19 health emergency. Materials and methods: Once the health emergency started, biosecurity protocols were developed. Entomological surveillance was strengthened from the institutional environment instead of homes. Data was collected in Medellín from 2018 to 2021 during the vector control and surveillance program activities, which included epidemiological and entomo- virological surveillance, entomological index survey, ovitrap monitoring, community mobilization, search and elimination of mosquito breading sites, and chemical control. These actions were adapted and/or increased to promote self-care among communities in total and partial confinement, and to develop prevention and control measures. Results: Mosquito monitoring was increased by 40% using ovitraps, entomological- virological surveillance showed an increase in 2020 of 34,4% compared to 2019 and virtual media was used to keep and improve contact with the community. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on arbovirus prevention and control programs. The city of Medellín quickly adapted its entomo-virological surveillance activities, control measures, and the contact with the community during the pandemic, which allow the Integrated Vector Management program to remain active in the city.

Mesopic pupillary reflex in patients treated with fluoxetine.

INTRODUCTION: currently the treatment of mental illness by antidepressants is very frequent. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the most prescribed antidepressants worldwide and have been associated with alterations in accommodation or pupil. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of fluoxetine on the pupillary reflex and the accommodation in young population. METHODOLOGY: The study group included seven patients diagnosed with depression and treated with fluoxetine; 22 subjects were included as a control group. The pupillary reflexes and the accommodative state were evaluated using the Power Refractor II pupilometer. Five phases of 3 seconds each were measured. In phase 2 there was a glare with a white light. RESULTS: For the pupil diameter, maximum and minimum values were obtained in the group of patients treated with fluoxetine than in the control in all the measurement phases. For the control group, a maximum pupillary contraction is observed in the glare phase, however, in the study group it is observed in the phase after glare. As for the accommodation, there are no significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients treated with fluoxetine there are pupillary alterations like a bigger pupillary diameters and slower pupillary contraction. The lack of conclusive results in terms of accommodation does not mean that there are no changes related to it, whose detection requires future studies with different methodologies and with a larger sample size.

Reflejo pupilar mesópico en pacientes tratados con fluoxetina / Mesopic pupillary reflex in patients treated with fluoxetine

INTRODUCCIÓN: Actualmente el tratamiento de enfermedades mentales mediante antidepresivos es muy frecuente. Los inhibidores selectivos de la recaptación de serotonina son los antidepresivos más prescritos a nivel mundial y han sido asociados con alteraciones en la acomodación o la pupila. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar los efectos de la fluoxetina sobre el reflejo pupilar y la acomodación en población joven. METODOLOGÍA: El grupo de estudio contó con siete pacientes diagnosticados de depresión y tratados con fluoxetina; como grupo control se incluyeron 22 sujetos. Se evaluaron los reflejos pupilares y el estado acomodativo mediante el pupilómetro Power Refractor II. Se midieron 5 fases de 3 segundos cada una. En la fase 2 se produjo un deslumbramiento con una luz blanca. RESULTADOS: Para el diámetro pupilar se han obtenido valores máximos y mínimos mayores en el grupo de pacientes tratados con fluoxetina que en el control en todas las fases de medida. Para el grupo control se observa una contracción pupilar máxima en la fase de deslumbramiento, sin embargo, en el grupo de estudio se observa en la fase tras el deslumbramiento. En cuanto a la acomodación no se obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos. CONCLUSIONES: En pacientes tratados con fluoxetina existen alteraciones pupilares observándose diámetros pupilares mayores y menor velocidad de contracción pupilar. La falta de resultados concluyentes en cuanto a la acomodación no significa que no existan cambios relacionados con esta, cuya detección requerirá de futuros estudios utilizando diferentes metodologías y con un tamaño muestral mayor

INTRODUCTION: currently the treatment of mental illness by antidepressants is very frequent. Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors are the most prescribed antidepressants worldwide and have been associated with alterations in accommodation or pupil. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of fluoxetine on the pupillary reflex and the accommodation in young population. METHODOLOGY: The study group included seven patients diagnosed with depression and treated with fluoxetine; 22 subjects were included as a control group. The pupillary reflexes and the accommodative state were evaluated using the Power Refractor II pupilometer. Five phases of 3 seconds each were measured. In phase 2 there was a glare with a white light. RESULTS: For the pupil diameter, maximum and minimum values were obtained in the group of patients treated with fluoxetine than in the control in all the measurement phases. For the control group, a maximum pupillary contraction is observed in the glare phase, however, in the study group it is observed in the phase after glare. As for the accommodation, there are no significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients treated with fluoxetine there are pupillary alterations like a bigger pupillary diameters and slower pupillary contraction. The lack of conclusive results in terms of accommodation does not mean that there are no changes related to it, whose detection requires future studies with different methodologies and with a larger sample size